![]() ![]() 2018)-virtually the same total number that have been sent towards Mars. Overall, more than forty missions have been launched with Venus on their itinerary (e.g., Taylor et al. These capable missions-VERITAS, DAVINCI, and EnVision-will help end a thirty-year drought when visits to Venus were rare-a historical anomaly. Figuratively, Venus is heating up in popularity following recent announcements that NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) will send three new missions to Earth’s sister planet. ![]() Literally, its massive, CO 2-rich atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect that makes its surface the hottest in the Solar System on average. Finally, we discuss how our ignorance about the evolution of Venus motivated the prioritization of new spacecraft missions that will rediscover Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor-beginning a new age of Venus exploration. Here we provide the general background and motivation required to delve into the other manuscripts in this collection. This review kicks off a topical collection about all aspects of Venus’s evolution and how understanding Venus can teach us about other planets, including exoplanets. Venus perhaps then underwent at least one dramatic transition in atmospheric, surface, and interior conditions before present day. Billions of years ago, Venus could have had a clement surface with water oceans. In this review, we show how now-popular models for the evolution of Venus mirror how the scientific understanding of modern Venus has changed over time. However, whether Venus was much different in the past than it is today remains unknown. In popular culture, Venus was demoted from a jungly playground to (at best) a metaphor for the redemptive potential of extreme adversity. ![]() At the start of the Space Age, people learned that Venus actually has a hellish surface, baked by the greenhouse effect under a thick, CO 2-rich atmosphere. Until the mid-20th century, scientists thought that Venus was a verdant world-inspiring science-fictional stories of heroes battling megafauna in sprawling jungles. Venus is the planet in the Solar System most similar to Earth in terms of size and (probably) bulk composition. ![]()
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