![]() ![]() The evidence is less conclusive for other common conditions such as cancer and liver disease and further research into the effects of significant psychological distress on incidence of and mortality from these diseases is required before investigating the effects of lower levels of distress. In this study, we will focus on arthritis, COPD, CVD and diabetes because although the relationship between significant distress and onset of these conditions is well-established, the impact of subclinical levels of distress on disease incidence remains a significant gap in knowledge. ![]() Investigating whether distress and SEP also interact to increase risk of incident chronic diseases and examining potential mediators of any associations will improve understanding of the relationship between psychological distress, SEP and health. It is unclear why psychological distress has greater consequences for health in people with low SEP. found that the effects of distress on mortality were stronger in people with lower socioeconomic position (SEP). It is therefore plausible that the risk of developing chronic disease will increase with increasing levels of distress severity in a similar fashion. Chronic diseases, and particularly cardiovascular diseases, are undoubtedly the most common causes of all-cause mortality in these studies. Recent studies have found a dose-response relationship between psychological distress and risk of mortality from all causes, colorectal and prostate cancers and CVD across the whole range of distress severity. comparing the effects of subclinical, moderate and high distress). ![]() To our knowledge, no study to date has used GHQ-12 scores to examine the relationships between psychological distress and incidence of chronic diseases across the whole range of distress severity (i.e. a GHQ-12 score of four or greater ) have been found to increase risk of incident CVD, COPD and diabetes. Clinically significant levels of distress (i.e. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is commonly used to measure psychological distress in population studies. Psychological distress encompasses a much wider range of experiences than mental illness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe psychiatric disease. The symptoms of depression and anxiety are collectively termed psychological distress. However, the health effects of less severe symptoms of depression and anxiety are poorly understood. There is evidence from several longitudinal studies that depression and anxiety increase risk of incident arthritis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ,, ,, ], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus, , ]. Clinical depression and anxiety have been linked with the development of a variety of chronic diseases. ![]()
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